His goal was to spread the Roman Catholic faith to the Western parts of Canada. He was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. Sweet Grass was born with the name Okimasis, which translates to He-who-has-no-name, and Little Chief, which was related to his small size. Just before the Treaty party left Fort Pitt, Big Bear arrived and asked to speak with Morris. In 1878, Chief Michel Calihoo signed an adhesion to Treaty 6 on behalf of his band. Pitikwahanapiwiyin stated: This is our land, it isnt a piece of pemmican to be cut off and given in little pieces back to us. (Mtis fur trader and politician), as well as translators, assistants and NWMP escorts. (Dodson 14). In Cree culture, verbal agreements hold the same amount weight as any other agreements. That afternoon, Treaty Six was signed by the Treaty Commissioners, the Lieutenant Governor, followed by Chiefs Mistawasis, Ahtahkakoop, and 11 other Chiefs, and 44 Headmen. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 3 periods of Arctic settlement, Innovations of Dorset and Thule Culture, Characteristics of Thule Culture and more. Christie, the officer in charge of the Hudsons Bay Company for the Saskatchewan District. Similarly, clauses promising farming assistance and reserve schools can be interpreted as a promise to provide general economic assistance for Indigenous businesses and access to modern education. [26] He died January 17, 1888 and is buried in the Poundmaker cemetery. Sweetgrass First Nation Chief Lorie Whitecalf History Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed TREATY 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. So they were not present during the negotiations. Death. Approximately 2,000 Cree, Assiniboine, and Saulteaux people were there to witness and be a part of this historic event, Chiefs Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis greeted Morris and the Treaty Commissioners on August 15, 1876. It is the unique collective right to use of, and jurisdiction over, ancestral territory and is separate from the rights of non-Aboriginal Canadian citizens under common law. [1] The exact date and place of his birth is unrecorded. As early as 1871, Plains Indigenous peoples expressed interest in negotiating a treaty with the Crown that would protect them from the settlement of outsiders on their lands, including the Mtis, white settlers and surveyors. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? Chief Sweetgrass, a well respected leader was chosen to be the spokesman for the meeting with Christie (Christensen 148). Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. At the time when Sweet Grass was Chief, The Canadian government had pictured what the Indigenous communities were and never changed them. After the ceremony, Morris explained that the government sent him to Fort Carlton to create an agreement with the Cree that would endure as long as that sun shines and yonder river flows. In order to do so, however, he required all of the chiefs and community leaders in the area to be present. They still controlled the territory and to trade their land for an uncertain future would be an admission of defeat (, Although there was much dissension from a number of First Nations, it was Ahtahkakoop and Mistawasis whoasked the representatives of the Crown what they could offer the people if they did not agree to Treaty. [56] The tactic of withholding food from reserves will be used by the Canadian government to force cooperation. The University of Saskatchewan's main campus is situated onTreaty 6 Territory and the Homeland of the Mtis. It belonged to no one man and could not be sold (Christensen 146). [4] His tribe was presented with a collection of grass dipped in the blood of the man he had killed. On January 11, 1877, Sweet Grass had an argument with his brother after the signing of treaty six. Sweet Grass very kind to the priest, and often wanted to discuss religion. The following is the inscription on the Big Bear monument at Poundmaker First Nation: "The Great Cree leader, Chief Big Bear has entered the history books as one of Canadas most feared, yet profoundly misunderstood, First Nations Leader. [22] Days of fighting ensued however, both chiefs managed to survive.[23]. When they arrived at the council tent they hoisted the union jack - the flag of Britain. Big Bear and others seen the presents as traps, something to soften them up before negotiations." Governor Morris stated that there would be strong laws enforced through the North West Mounted Police. Governor Morris considered the provisions the leaders had asked for and was willing to make some concessions, but he would not agree to all of them. [31] These were just a few of the aspects that Sweet Grass worked with the government on. Morris was determined to have Chief Beardy to sign the Treaty even though he was not present at the negotiations and sent a messenger with tobacco and provisions for Beardy to meet him after he left Fort Carlton. Many Chiefs anticipated the arrival of the Queens treaty commissioners. It is ours and we will take what we want. The Cree resoundingly approved of Pitikwahanapiwiyins statements, waving their hands and cheering. How did Treaty 6 affect the First Nations? He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. [43] As history has demonstrated, peace between the Blackfoot and the Plains Cree does not last very long. Morris did not understand that Chief Beardy and the Willow Cree declined to negotiate Treaty because it did not follow Beardy's vision, not because of the treaty itself. For almost two centuries the Cree, Assiniboine, and Saulteaux held a monopoly over European trade goods and weaponry in the western interior. In 1860, a member of the Plains Cree had killed a Blackfoot chief, which had sparked a war against them. Big Bear heard of the disharmony in Treaty 4 territory, they found that the promises of the treaty were not being honored by the government (Dodson 20). Reverend McKay translated Big Bears words, and when Morris heard this he interpreted it to mean that Big Bear did not want to be hanged by the government. [2] Due to this, Sweet Grass was not Cree and was Crow. [17], The position of chief within the Cree varied from tribe to tribe and each had varying levels of authority over the band. Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. [24] The Cree relied on the buffalo so heavily that they were pushed to a point of starvation. According to international law, a treaty: Is a legally binding agreement outlining the rights and duties of its signatures. Website Development Studio, Web Design by M.R. The federal government was not interested in negotiating a treaty at this time, believing that it was not essential, even though local missionaries and government agents tried to convince them otherwise. We Send these words by our Master Mr.Christie, in whom we have every confidence that is all., "Great Father, Let us be friendly. The treaty contained, with some variations, the standard written clauses of the earlier numbered treaties signed with First Nations: surrender of Indian land rights; provision of assistance in the transition to an agricultural economy; provision of reserves (in Treaty 6 the equivalent of one square mile per family of . They were unaware of the negotiations at Fort Carlton and thought they would not be coming for another month or so. Even after Treaty 6 was signed, the Blackfoot and Plains Cree continued to quarrel over hunting as the number of buffalo decreased with each passing year. This is unlikely, especially considering there is no specific mention of this in the commissioners notes and because this concept would have been completely foreign to the Plains Indigenous peoples, who had a different understanding of land ownership than the commissioners (see Indigenous Territory). British Columbia joined confederation in 1871 and was promised a railway to connect them to eastern Canada. what I will promise, and what I believe and hope you will take, is to last as long as the sun shines and yonder rivers flow., Negotiating the Terms: Friday August 18, 1876, For several days the Chiefs met and waited for others to arrive. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". On 9 September, Weekaskookwasayin addressed the people, arguing that the treaty terms would help preserve and protect their livelihood. [55] Young Sweet Grass would eventually become chief and would name the new group the Sweetgrass First Nation in honour of his father. To the Canadian delegation, the only legally binding contracts were what was written into the treaty. Are Siksika Blackfoot? He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. First Nations had practiced their own governance and other systems for thousands of years. From here the group made income from farming and lumber sale, supplemented with traditional methods as much as possible. Morris said little to ease the concerns of Beardy and promised that they too would receive the same as the other bands including agricultural assistance for a new way of life. Harold Cardinal and Walter Hildebrand, Treaty Elders of Saskatchewan: Our Dream is that Our Peoples Will One Day Be Clearly Recognized As Nations (2000). It remained to be seen whether it was a bad omen. When Sweet Grass became Chief, his tribe had already been in an uneasy peace with the Blackfoot (Milloy 1988, 111). 6 territory. Chief Sweetgrass arrived the next day and met with the rest of the First Nations to discuss what had happened at Fort Carlton. He wanted to know why he was not notified of the meetings as he was out hunting on the plains. 1 What was chief mistawasis Role in Treaty 6? Thanks for contributing to The Canadian Encyclopedia. A reserve was surveyed west of Battleford in 1884 for the melded band members, who sold hay and wood, and maintained gardens and livestock. Mistawasis further said, The prairies have not been darkened by the blood of our white brothers in our time, let this always be so. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? He reminded them that the buffalo were disappearing and that they would have to learn to farm to feed themselves. Chief Vernon Watchmaker [5] This was met with chants of Sweet Grass, which would eventually become his name as a Chief in 1870. The pipe stem was presented to the Governor and Treaty Commissioners where they stroked the stem. Four days later, Morris met with the Duck Lake band. Who negotiated Treaty 6? Morris and the treaty party was greeted by a messenger at Gabriels crossing, near the South Saskatchewan River, welcomed into Cree territory and escorted to Fort Carlton. [4] Warriors consistently taunted him due to his stature within the village. What is the difference between Treaty 6 and Treaty 7? The Chiefs that were present waited for other Chiefs and their followers to arrive, but Big Bear, Sweetgrass, and Little Pine were hunting on the prairies at the time. It was a tough decision to make. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass). [54] There was limited understanding on the level of Canadian settlement that was going to happen, and limited knowledge on how indigenous people would be restricted from the land. Big Bear heard of the disharmony in Treaty 4 territory, they found that the promises of the treaty were not being honored by the government (, For several days the Chiefs met and waited for others to arrive. [15] Sweet Grass spiritual helper was the mosquito, which he would often seek for guidance. Limits on the Treaty Power Harvard Law Review. Website Design by M.R. John A. Macdonald envisioned the west as a grain producing region full of European immigrants (Dodson 17). Big Bear resisted signing of the treaty, hoping that he could hold out for a better deal with the Canadian government. The reserve was established as part of Treaty 6 when Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876. On January 11, 1877, Sweet Grass had an argument with his brother after the signing of treaty six. The First Nations assembled near the Chiefs tents, to the sound of beating drums and the discharge of small arms, singing, dancing, and loud speaking going on at the same time, as told by A.G. Jackes secretary to the Treaty Commisoner. We invite you to come and see us and to speak with us. For the first three years after the signing of the treaty, Indigenous peoples farming on reserves were entitled to $1,000 in agricultural provisions. The treaty outlined specifics as to rights of indigenous people and support and protection of the Queen. On 31 March 1958, the Department of Indian Affairs enfranchised the entire Michel Callihoo band, meaning that they lost their legal rights as status Indians in exchange for other rights, such as voting (see Indian; Indigenous Suffrage). Issues arise from the mixed interpretations of the Treaty by both the Indigenous groups and the Government. There are 1,577 registered members, 537 of whom live on reserve. [3] The Cree believe that the creator spirit was in every living thing around them. Amendments to the Indian Act in 1985 re-established Indian status to over 750 members of the band. Chief Sweetgrass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians but was killed about six months later. A reserve was surveyed west of Battleford in 1884 for the melded band members, who sold hay & wood and maintained gardens & livestock. But the Canadian government insisted that its grudging distribution of rations was a matter of favour, not a treaty obligation. George McDougall and North West Mounted Police (NWMP) Inspector Crozier brought presents to give to the Cree, but Big Bear refused them, telling them they did not want presents until the treaties were finalized. Chief Sweetgrass, a well respected leader was chosen to be the spokesman for the meeting with Christie (, In the years of 1872 to 1875 there was pressure on the Canadian government from the First Nations in the prairies to address treaties. Even though Big Bear publicly and consistently spoke against sighing treaties, by 1882 starving, he would sign Treaty 6. You comment will be forwarded to the editor of this page. These issues, coupled with the opinion of lieutenant governor of Manitoba and the North-West Territories, Alexander Morris that treaties were effective ways to gain access to, and develop, lands in the West the government finally agreed to negotiate a treaty with the Plains Cree and neighbouring Indigenous peoples. On the Sweetgrass reserve, the mortality rates would grow after 1885 to 185 per every 1000 people on the reserve. [40] Whenever a Cree war party was formed to go hunting in Blackfoot territory, caution had to be exercised, especially after the threat had been established. Sharing land alongside Europeans c. Legal ownership over all territories d. Hunting rightscross out Expert Answer Answer - Option B - Sharing land alongside Europeans Explanation :- Treaty 6 was related to distribution of land for benefits of European and extended it towards the West. [7] This ceremony generally took place when the child reached the age of one. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Using this discontent, Chief Wandering Spirit gathered support and began to purses more aggressive policies towards settlers. Gov. The two messengers, Rev. What happened when Chief Sweetgrass signed Treaty 6? We had a great starvation the past winter, and the smallpox took away many of our people, the old, young, and children. The Treaty was passed on orally and was not recorded until 1880 (Roberts 90). [34] whoever was responsible for conveying these concerns did not do so effectively as many of the requests were not met, at least not when they needed it most. Due to missionaries moving into the interior, there was more significant pressure to convert to European religions, which many Cree did. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signedTREATY 6on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? On 19 August, Morris was presented with chiefs, but he noticed the absence of the Duck Lake band leaders. They felt the treaty did not do enough to protect the Cree 'way of life' and forced assimilation into European culture and 'way of life'. Cree Tribes would move according to their migration habits. In exchange for Indigenous title to their land (see Indigenous Territory), Treaty 6 provided: an annual cash payment of $25 per chief; $15 per headman and $5 for all other band members; a one-time cash payment of $12 for each band member; and reserve lands in the amount of one mile2 (about 2.5 km2) per family of five. Dickieson, Mistahimaskwa referred to the treaty as a dreaded rope to be about my neck. Mistahimaskwa was not referring to a literal hanging (which is what some government officials had believed), but to the loss of his and his peoples freedom, and Indigenous loss of control over land and resources. The Indigenous peoples retained the right to pursue hunting, trapping and fishing on reserve lands. An example of this would be when Sweet Grass and Big Bear assembled 18 Cree warriors that attempted to raid Blackfoot hunting territory. He said that the land set aside for their reserves would be held in trust by the Queen, one square mile for every family of five. Poundmaker, a Councilor from Red Pheasants band, stood up and protested, This is our land, not a piece of pemmican to be cut off and given in little pieces. Since the signing of Treaty 6 in 1876, there have been disagreements between Indigenous signatories and the federal government, stemming from misunderstandings about the true meaning and intention of the treaty terms. By 1870 Canada was made up of four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. The Treaty promised to give the Tlicho annual payments and services, like medical care, education and old age care. Other members of the negotiating team included treaty commissioners William Joseph Christie (an HBC officer) and James McKay (Mtis fur trader and politician), as well as translators, assistants and NWMP escorts. Thank you to the University of Regina Press for providing these resources to share with the community. When Canada acquired the lands of the Hudsons Bay Company (HBC) in 1869 (see Ruperts Land), the Plains Indigenous peoples of present-day central Saskatchewan, including the Cree, Ojibweand Assiniboine, became concerned about the federal governments intentions with this land and with the Indigenous peoples who lived on it. Under the leadership of Young Sweet Grass, the band began to fall apart due to internal conflict. The fort was heavily stocked with provisions, which angered the staving Cree. What was chief mistawasis Role in Treaty 6? Treaty 6 was signed by Crown representatives and Cree, Assiniboine and Ojibweleaders on 23 August 1876 at Fort Carlton, Saskatchewan, and on 9 September 1876 at Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan. Currently the band controls 20,354.6 ha of land, the largest block of which is located 26 km west of North Battleford. They continued to deliberate for the next two days. The same day, the chiefs and headmen of the Fort Pitt bands (including Cree, Chipewyan [Ojibwe] and Assiniboine peoples) signed Treaty 6. [18] Chiefs within Cree society were chosen by the consent of the band. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Morris promised the tools and animals needed to engage in farming, cash payments, ammunition, twine, schools, and presents to the Chiefs and Headmen. [16] The Cree believe that every individual has a soul which is located at the back of their neck. Michael Asch, Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada (2011). The signing of Treaty 6 was not the only reason for conflict between the Cree and other prominent Indigenous tribes in the region. Schools were to be established on reserves. The next biggest problem comes from a lack of follow through on verbal agreements. They disagreed with many aspects of the Treaty as they found that many of the promises did not provide the Cree with enough security for their future. State delegations met for the Constitutional Convention in 1787. Website Development Studio. [3] He believed that the insect had taken pity on him which guided him to become a chief. [3] Sweet Grass was ten years older, so Big Bear recognized him as the superior chief. As this agreement is the first legal agreement between these Indigenous groups and the new Canadian government, which continued to impact and facilitate interactions between them. He reminded them that the buffalo were disappearing and that they would have to learn to farm to feed themselves. Born about 1825 to the Cree/Ojibwa Chief Black Powder, Big Bear assumed power while still a young man after demonstrating his spiritual power and leadership qualities. Fearing starvation and unrest, many of the initially hesitant chiefs signed adhesions to the treaty in the years to come, including Minahikosis (who signed in July 1879) and Mistahimaskwa (who signed on 8 December 1882 at Fort Walsh). On September 9, 1876, 1876 Dodson 17 ) to over 750 members of the Nations! As to rights of Indigenous people and support and began to purses more aggressive towards! Treaty by both the Indigenous communities were and never changed them interpretations of band. On reserve lands the meetings as he was succeeded by his son, Apseenes ( Young Sweet Grass helper. 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